Graeme Williams, from A City Refracted, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2012-14Courtesy of artist and Thames & HudsonIn 1838, Louis Daguerre took what is widely believed to be the first photograph of a human figure. His camera was set up overlooking a busy street in Paris, but due to the slow development times, the avenue is empty of people, bar a man having his shoes shined in the bottom left hand corner. Due to their leisurely pace, their figures were cemented on the lens, a blurry, ghostly record of humanity from a former time.